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Stroke remains one of the foremost causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Early prediction of stroke is crucial in enabling timely medical interventions and minimizing its adverse outcomes. This study presents a robust ensemble- based machine learning framework that integrates the predictive strengths of XGBoost, a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and a hybrid Bidirectional LSTM-GRU neural network to enhance the accuracy of stroke prediction. The model is trained and validated using a publicly available healthcare dataset containing a diverse set of clinical and demographic features such as age, hypertension, heart disease, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI). Comprehensive data preprocessing steps, including missing value imputation, feature encoding, and class balancing using Random Over Sampler, were implemented to prepare the dataset for training. Each individual model was optimized for performance and then combined in an ensemble using weighted averaging to maximize generalization and robustness. The pro- posed ensemble model demonstrated superior performance with an accuracy of 94.58%, precision of 90.64%, recall of 99.45%, F1- score of 94.84%, and an impressive ROC-AUC score of 98.73%. The high recall indicates that the model is particularly effective in identifying stroke-positive cases, which is critical in a clinical setting. The confusion matrix and classification report further support the model’s reliability and effectiveness. Additionally, visualization techniques such as ROC curves, precision-recall curves, and calibration plots confirmed the model’s strong predictive confidence. Feature importance analysis highlighted the significant impact of variables such as age, hypertension, and BMI. This ensemble framework presents a powerful tool for clinical decision support, with potential deployment in real- time health monitoring systems for early stroke detection and intervention.
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Copyright © 2025, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY-NY-SA). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Corresponding Author: INDIRAPRIYADARSHINI, indirapriya1520@gmail.com
Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Conflict of interest: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher’s note: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
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