The rapid growth of wireless communication has led to an increased demand for radio spectrum, resulting in inefficient spectrum utilization and congestion in conventional networks. Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) offer a promising solution by enabling dynamic and intelligent spectrum access through spectrum sensing, learning, and adaptation. This paper focuses on intelligent spectrum allocation in CRNs using machine learning and optimization techniques to enhance spectral efficiency and reduce interference. The proposed system enables secondary users to opportunistically utilize underused frequency bands without disrupting primary users. Algorithms such as reinforcement learning and fuzzy logic are applied to predict spectrum availability and allocate channels dynamically based on real-time network conditions. Simulation results show that intelligent allocation mechanisms improve throughput, minimize latency, and ensure fair spectrum sharing among users. This study contributes to developing adaptive, self-learning communication systems capable of addressing spectrum scarcity in next-generation wireless networks.
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